Bio Pesticide Granules

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Trichoderma viride is a high-efficiency organic biological agent. It produces antibiotics, nutrient competition, parasitic, cell-wall degradation, enzymes, and induced plant resistance mechanisms, which have antagonism effect on a variety of plant pathogenic fungi. Protection and treatment can effectively control soil spread fungus diseases with dual effect.

Use Trichoderma viride products, which can enhance the survival rate of seedling and transplant, keep the seedlings robust growth. It can also be used to prevent grey mold.

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Beauveria Bassiana fungus is a fungus that grows naturally in soils around the world. Acting as a parasite on various arthropod species, causing white muscardine disease; It widely used as a sprayed biological insecticide to control a great many pests such as bed bugs, termites, thrips, whiteflies, aphids, and different beetles.

 

Once Beauveria Bassiana infects the host insects, the fungus grows fast inside of the insect’s body. Feeding on the nutrients present in the host’s body and producing toxins continuously.

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The nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia is one of the most studied biological control agents against plant (semi-) endo-parasitic nematodes of the genera Globodera, Heterodera, Meloidogyne, Nacobbus and, more recently, Rotylenchulus. In this paper we present highlights from more than three decades of worldwide research on this biological control agent. We cover different aspects and key components of the complex plant-fungus-nematode tri-trophic interaction, an interaction that needs to be addressed to ensure the efficient use of P. chlamydosporia as a biopesticide as part of an integrated pest management approach.

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Chemical insecticides play an important role in the control of plant damage and plant diseases. However, extensive use of these products has led to the disruption of ecosystems because of several reasons such as death of non-target species, accumulation of pesticide residues in the environment and food, and buildup of pesticide resistance in the target species. Biological control is one of the alternatives to chemical pesticides and it can be described as the limitation of the abundance of living organisms and their products by other living organisms. Predators, parasitoids, fungi and other beneficial organisms can be used for the biocontrol of insect pests. The fungus Verticillium lecanii is one of the members of Deuteromycetes and it can be used for crop protection.

 

Verticillium Lecanii, a Bio-insecticide is used against sucking pest in an entomopathogenic fungus to kill the sucking pests. These fungi invade insects by penetrating their cuticle or skin and rapidly multiply throughout the body.

 

Death of insects is caused by tissue destruction and toxins produced by the fungi. Verticillium wilt, caused by two species of soil-borne fungi-Verticillium dahliae and Verticillium albo-atrum, infects more than 200 species of plants, including many vegetables. Vertcillium albo-atrum prefers cooler soils while Verticillium dahliae can become a problem in greenhouse vegetable production. Sometimes, both species will occur in the same field.

 

Verticillium can be used against soft bodied pests. This is effective against aphids, jassids, thirps, white flies, mites, mealy bugs, scale insects, leaf webber, green semi lopper, flower webber, leaf minors, leaf hoppers, pod fly etc. Verticillium wilt is caused by a soil-borne fungus.

Enzyme & Metabolite action : Verticillium lecanii mycelia produces toxins which have insecticidal properties. These toxins weaken the hosts immune system (of insect) and aid in eventually killing it. Verticillium lecanii is developed by a unique process wherein metabolites of Verticillium lecanii are extracted and added back to the spores and formulated. Thus metabolites work effectively in high temperature and low humidity conditions and spores multiply and work in high humidity and low temperature conditions.  

 

Growth : Once inside, Verticillium lecanii replicates and consumes the insects' internal contents eventually killing it. The fungus eventually grows out of the insect’s cuticle and starts sporulating. Infected insects appear as white to yellowish cottony particles. Verticillium lecanii infects the insect on contact and does not need to be consumed by the host to cause infection.

 

Environment factors : Verticillium lecanii is developed by a unique process wherein metabolites of Verticillium lecanii are extracted and added back to the spores and formulated. Thus metabolites work effectively in high temperature and low humidity conditions and spores multiply and work in high humidity and low temperature conditions.

SPECIFICATION:
1 × 10⁷ CFU/GRAM

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Bacillus thuringiensis is a naturally occurring soil bacterium that causes disease on insect pests. It is accepted in organic farming and is considered ideal for pest management due to its low cost, ease of application, high virulence and narrow host specificity. Thus, Bacillus thuringiensis is regarded as environmentally friendly with no toxic effects on natural enemies and humans. The activity of Bacillus thuringiensis is due to toxins produced by this bacterium.
Bacillus thuringiensis is commercially available in most agricultural suppliers. It is sold in various formulations (spray, dust, and granule) and strains. Note that not all Bacillus thuringiensis can be used for control of caterpillars. Bt. israelensis is used for control of mosquitoes and Bt. tenebrionis for control of beetles. 

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Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk) is a strain of Bt specifically used for controlling caterpillars in agricultural and garden settings. This strain produces crystal proteins (Cry proteins) that are toxic to caterpillars. When ingested by caterpillars, these proteins paralyze the insect’s digestive system, causing them to stop feeding and eventually die from starvation.Target Pests:Caterpillars of moths and butterflies, such as:

• Cabbage loopers
• Gypsy moth larvae
• Tomato hornworms
• European corn borers
• Diamondback moths

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Bacillus subtilis is a biofungicide and Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which colonizes the roots and protects the root system of the plant. It enhances the N2 fixation, solubilizes the soil phosphorus, and produces siderophores having biocontrol potential (promote plant growth & suppress pathogen growth).

Help plants to produce secondary metabolites, regulate intracellular phytohormones, and increase plant stress tolerance. Provide healthy growth to the plant and root. Bacillus subtilis is a cutting-edge, eco-friendly solution that provides both preventive and curative action against fungal pathogens affecting crops. Derived from natural soil-dwelling bacteria, Bacillus subtilis offers a biological approach to disease management, unlike chemical fungicides. It acts as a biocontrol agent, forming a protective shield around plant roots, stems, and leaves, while fostering a healthy, balanced microbial environment that supports plant vigour and resilience.

This bio fungicide taps into the plant’s natural defense mechanisms, enhancing its ability to resist harmful pathogens. It is ideal for organic farming and sustainable agricultural practices, ensuring high-quality yields without the adverse effects of synthetic chemicals on the environment, human health, or beneficial organisms.

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Bacillus thuringiensis Israelensis (Bti) is a strain of Bacillus thuringiensis that specifically targets mosquito larvae and other dipteran insects. It has gained recognition as an effective and environmentally friendly tool for mosquito control.

Bti produces toxins known as Cry toxins, which are ingested by mosquito larvae during feeding. These toxins are specifically activated in the alkaline environment of the larvae’s digestive system. Once activated, the Cry toxins disrupt the integrity of the gut cells, leading to gut paralysis and ultimately causing the larvae to stop feeding. As a result, the mosquito larvae become unable to obtain the nutrients they need for growth and development, leading to their death.

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Trichoderma grows on the surface of roots, where it provides disease control and enhances root growth. Its spores survive in the soil, but the food it lives on is mostly secreted from the root surface. Since the fungus multiplies on its own, it is different from seed-applied fungicides.

 

First, only a little needs to be applied because it will grow to continually cover the roots.

 

Second, because it grows, it protects all the roots for the whole growing season. Chemical controls protect only the seed where they are applied, and their protection lasts, at most, a few weeks.

 

 

Once Trichoderma has colonized roots, it can improve growth in two main ways.

First, it kills the fungi that cause root rot.

Second, it protects roots from certain physical stresses, allowing the roots to grow faster.

 

Trichoderma kills several major root rot fungi: Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Fusarium. The process is called mycoparasitism.

 

Trichoderma secretes an enzyme that dissolves the cell wall of the other fungi. It can then get inside the bad fungi and consume them. It allows it to protect crop roots against root rot fungi in the field.

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Metarhizium species (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, also known as green muscardine fungi, have long been recognized for their biological control potential against arthropods. The species level name of one of the more widely researched Metarhizium species (M. anisopliae) was derived from this beetle. Morphological features for identifying Metarhizium species can be imprecise as there can often be overlap of characters among species. Molecular techniques have shown that what used to be called M. anisopliae represents a complex of nine species. 

 

Appearance

Infections of arthropods by Metarhizium species are easily recognized a few days after death, when the fungus grows out of the arthropod integument and forms reproductive structures. Initially, one only sees fungal hyphae that appear white, but, as conidia form and mature they often take on a characteristic olive green color. However, depending on the species and strain of Metarhizium, spores can range in color from white to yellow to brown and green.

Habitat (Crops)

Metarhizium species are commonly thought of as soil saprophytes and are most frequently found in disturbed habitats like agricultural fields as compared to forest ecosystems. Additionally, recent findings suggest that these fungi form associations with plant roots in the rhizosphere and survive better in that environment than in surrounding potting soil over extended periods of time.

 

Pests Attacked

Metarhizium species are known to attack a wide range of arthropods: greater than 200 species in over 50 families. These include many species of agricultural, medical and veterinary importance. include “various ticks and beetles; root weevils, flies, gnats, thrips,” and locusts and grasshoppers. Additionally, Metarhizium species have been developed in other countries for use against cockchafers, spittlebugs, grubs, borers, and for control of mosquitoes that vector malaria.

 

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Fluorescent Pseudomonads belong to plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PG­­­PR), the important group of bacteria that play a major role in the plant growth promotion, induced systemic resistance, biological control of pathogens etc. Many strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens are known to enhance plant growth promotion and reduce severity of various diseases.

 

The efficacy of bacterial antagonists in controlling fungal diseases was often better as alone, and sometimes in combination with fungicides. The present review refers to occurrence, distribution, mechanism, growth requirements of Pseudomonas fluorescens and diseases controlled by the bacterial antagonist in different agricultural and horticultural crops were discussed. The literature in this review helps in future research programmes that aim to promote Pseudomonas fluorescens as a potential bio-pesticide for augmentative biological control of many diseases of agriculture and horticultural importance.

 

  Environmental and consumer concerns have heightened interest in developing biological control agents as environmentally-friendly alternatives to protect agricultural and horticultural crops against phytopathogens. Pseudomonas fluorescens is a proven biological control agent with numerous success stories from scientists globally. Various strains of Pseudomonas have been shown to significantly control fungal, bacterial, and nematode diseases in cereals, horticultural crops, oil seeds, and more. The efficacy of bacterial antagonism in controlling diseases often surpasses that of fungicides, and combining bacterial antagonism with fungicides sometimes enhances disease control efficacy.

 

Additionally, treatments with Pseudomonas fluorescens improve seedling health and crop yields. Peat soil has been identified as the best substrate for colonization, followed by farmyard manure and gobar gas. Polysaccharides enhance the adhesion of Pseudomonas fluorescens, promoting plant growth through increased antibiotic activity.

 

This review aims to support future research promoting Pseudomonas fluorescens as a potential bio-pesticide for augmentative biological control of various agricultural and horticultural diseases. However, a deeper understanding of the factors involved, including the signaling interactions among antagonists, pathogens, soil, and plants, is necessary to promote these biocontrol agents as widely applicable bio-pesticides in the future.